A Conception of Ontology
نویسنده
چکیده
My purpose here is to describe and defend a programme in social ontology. It is a programme being carried though by a group of researchers in Cambridge. I start by defining some of my terms. Ontology The term ontology 2 derives from Greek, with " onto " meaning " being " , and " logos " usually interpreted as " science " ; so that ontology, as traditionally understood, is the science or study of being 3. The word being has two senses: 1) Something that is, or exists; an entity a thing 2) What it is to be or to exist; what all the things that are have in common. It follows that if ontology is the study of being it is then both: 1) The study of what is, or what exists; the study of entities or things; and 2) The study of what it is to be or to exist; what all the things that are have in common. Certainly this twofold conception is adopted here 4. Clearly, so conceived, ontology amounts to the study of anything and everything; for everything is a part of being. But ontology is only the study of anything under the aspect of its being, of what is involved in its existing. Even so any particular ontological project must clearly adopt a particular focus of study. 1 For helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper I am very grateful to members of the Cambridge social ontology group. 2 'Ontology', or rather 'ontologia', appears to have been coined in 1613 by two philosophers writing independently of each other: Jacob Lorhard in his Theatrum Philosophicum and Rudolf Göckel in his Lexicon Philosophicum. Its first occurrence in English seems to be in Bailey's Dictionary of 1721, where ontology is defined as 'an account of being in the abstract'. 3 As such ontology should be distinguished from both epistemology, which is a concern with knowledge, and methodology proper, a concern with method. 4 In recent years the term ontology has also been widely used in the field of computer and information science. It is used to denote a formal language purposefully designed for a specific set of practical applications and contexts or environments. The aim is usually something like the construction of a formal representation of entities and relations in a given domain that can be shared across different contexts of application. This recent …
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تاریخ انتشار 2004